|
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) is a theory of interpersonal relations, introduced by William Schutz in 1958. This theory mainly explains the interpersonal underworld of a small group. The theory is based on the belief that when people get together in a group, there are three main interpersonal needs they are looking to obtain – affection/openness, control and inclusion. Schutz developed a measuring instrument that contains six scales of nine-item questions that he called FIRO-B. This technique was created to measure or control how group members feel when it comes to inclusion, control, and affection/openness or to be able to get feedback from people in a group. Unlike many instruments used to examine human interaction behaviors, and needs, the FIRO-B is and was extremely valid internally and externally using inferential statistics. Also, while no one knows exactly the "B" was thought to mean either behaviors, or it was version B. It is greatly useful to utilize on future managers, and employees, and from their training, workshops, and/or awareness can improve the individual, and groups of the organization. Lastly, college students overall, test quite high in Control. The reason most people go to college is so that is more likely the will have less bosses, or be one, thus satisfying their need for control. ==Description== These categories measure how much interaction a person wants in the areas of socializing, leadership and responsibilities, and more intimate personal relations. Element-B (former known as 'FIRO-B') was created, based on this theory, a measurement instrument with scales that assess the behavioral aspects of the three dimensions. Scores are graded from 0–9 in scales of expressed and wanted behavior, which define how much a person expresses to others, and how much he wants from others. Schutz believed that FIRO scores in themselves were not terminal, and can and do change, and did not encourage typology; however, the four temperaments were eventually mapped to the Element-B (former known as 'FIRO-B') scales, which led to the creation of a theory of five temperaments. Schutz himself discussed the impact of extreme behavior in the areas of inclusion, control, and openness as indicated by scores on the FIRO-B (and the later Element-B). For each area of interpersonal need the following three types of behavior would be evident: (1) deficient, (2) excessive, and (3) ideal. Deficient was defined as indicating that an individual was not trying to directly satisfy the need. Excessive was defined as indicating that an individual was constantly trying to satisfy the need. Ideal referred to satisfaction of the need. From this, he identified the following types: Schutz composed a "Matrix of Relevant Interpersonal Data", which he called "The Elephant".〔Schutz (1958) p19〕 Each area consisted of a smaller matrix of "act" and "feel" by "Self to Other" (Action), "Other to Self" (Reaction), and "Self to Self". "Act" and "Feel" divided the rows, which were: "Desired Interpersonal Relations (Needs)", which denoted "satisfactory relations" in each area; "Ideal Interpersonal Relations" is what would correspond to "moderate" expressed and wanted scores; "Anxious Interpersonal Relations" was subdivided into rows of "Too much activity" (covering high expressed scores) and "Too little activity" (covering low expressed scores); both being divided into "Act" and "feel". The last row was "Pathological Interpersonal relations", which was divided into "too much" and "too little", yielding: "Psychotic (Schizophrenia)" as Too Little/Inclusion; (There was no "Too Much/Inclusion") "Obsessive-compulsive" as Too Much/Control and "Psychopath" as Too Little/Control; and "Neurotic" as too much and too little Affection. "Self-to other (action)" corresponded to the expressed dimension, and "Other to self (Reaction)" was the basis for the wanted dimension (though it is phrased in terms of what people ''do'', rather than what we ''want'' them to do, which would be similar to the later Element B). We thus end up with the six dimensions as follows: Expressed Inclusion (eI): "I initiate interaction with others" (High: "oversocial"; low "undersocial") Wanted Inclusion (wI): "I want to be Included" (High: "social-compliant"; low: "countersocial") expressed Control (eC): "I try to control others" (High: "autocrat"; low: "abdicrat") Wanted Control (wC): "I want to be controlled" (High: "submissive"; low: "rebellious") Expressed Affection (eA): "I try to be close and personal" (High: "overpersonal"; low: "underpersonal") Wanted Affection (wA): "I want others to be close and personal with me" (High: "personal-compliant"; low: "counterpersonal") Putting them together, Schutz came up with fifteen "Descriptive Schema and appropriate terminology for each Interpersonal Need Area":〔Schutz (1958) p60〕 In 1977, a clinical psychologist who worked with Element-B (former FIRO-B), Dr. Leo Ryan, produced maps of the scores for each area, called "locator charts", and assigned names for all of the score ranges in his ''Clinical Interpretation of Element-B'': However, to continue not to encourage typology, the names (which were for clinical interpretation primarily) are generally not used, and Element-B test results usually total the E, W, I, C and O scores individually. In the derivative "five temperament" system, the different scores are grouped into their corresponding temperaments, and considered inborn types. One key difference is in the "high wanted" scores in the area of Control. A distinction is made between men and women, with men being "dependent", and women, rather than really being dependent, only being "tolerant" of control by others. This is attributed to "the stereotypical role of women in Western Culture", where they were often dependent, and have simply learned to tolerate control from others. This again, reflects FIRO's belief that these scores reflect learned behavior. In five temperament theory, no such distinction between the sexes is recognized, and high wanted scores in Control are seen as an inborn dependency need in both sexes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fundamental interpersonal relations orientation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|